ðð2024ã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒå°çäžåšã®æ ã西ã¢ããªã«12ãåœã2024幎2æ
å
¬éæ¥ïŒ
:
æçµæŽæ°æ¥ïŒ2024/03/10
ã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒã®æ
âããžã§ãŒã«ãããªããã«ãããã¡ãœã§è¿å¹Žé£ç¶ããŠè»äºã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãçºçãæ°äž»çéžæã§éžã°ããæ¿åºãè»äºã§æåãããšããŠã西欧諞åœã®ã¿ãªãããã€ãžã§ãªã¢çã®è¿é£ã¢ããªã«è«žåœãæ¿æ²»åã³è»äºå¹²æžã®å§¿å¢ã瀺ããŠããã
ãã®ãããªææã®æ è¡ã ãã«æ å ±åéã«ã¯æ°ã䜿ã£ãããéŠéœåšèŸºã®æ²»å®ã¯è»éšã«ãã確ä¿ãããŠããããã ã
ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãšèšãã°ãæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯äºã»äºå äºä»¶ãåè€äžå©æ°ãçåã¯çºè¡šãããªãã£ããæåå²ã®ææãïŒPHPæ°æžïŒã«ããã°ãäºä»¶åŸåºãããéžè»çå瀺ã«ããéšéã¯åä¹±è»ã§ã¯ãªãå®è»ãšããŠæ£åŒã«èªããããããšã«ãªããšå°èºãããŠåãã ãšèšè¿°ãããŠããããããèŠã£ãã®ã¯ãæå倩çã®ææã«ãããšèšè¿°ãããäºä»¶åŸæå倩çã¯æµ·å€ã«ãããåã®çºæ¿çžå Žãæãã®ã»ã圱é¿ãåããŠããªãã£ãããšã«å®å µããŠãããšèšè¿°ããŠããã倩ç家ãšã芪ããåè€æ°ã ãããããããã¯çåã«ã¯èšè¿°ã§ããªãã£ãã§ãããã
âæ§ä»é æ€æ°å°ã
å€æ°æå°åã§ãããä»èªãå ±éèªãšããŠæ©èœã挢åãæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã§å ±éèªãšããŠæãããŠããæ©èœããããé貚ããã©ã³ïŒãŠãŒãïŒãæ©èœããŠãããå®éãæ¥æ¬ã§äœ¿ãããæ代ãæ³èµ·ãããã
ä»åã®æ è¡ã«ããã£ãŠã¯ãåå°ã§ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãçºçãããã©ã³ã¹é§çè»ãæ©èœããªãã©ããããæ€éãæ±ãããããã®ééãäžé²ãåãå§ããŠããããŸããçµæžæŽå©ã«äŒŽã欧米諞åœããã®å æ¿å¹²æžãå«ããšãããããäžåœãžã®çµæžäŸåãé«ããŠãããããå«äžæŽŸã®ãããã¬ã³ãçšèªçãªãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ãå«ãã ãåµåã®çœ ããå«ã°ããŠããããè¿å¹Žã¯äžåœããæè³ãæ¿æžããŠããã
Â
ãã©ã³ã¹é 西ã¢ããªã«ãšã¯ããã©ã³ã¹å ±ååœã統治ããã¢ãŒãªã¿ãã¢æ€æ°å°ïŒçŸåšã®ã¢ãŒãªã¿ãã¢)ããã©ã³ã¹é ã»ãã¬ã«Â (çŸåšã®ã»ãã¬ã«)ããã©ã³ã¹é ã¹ãŒãã³ïŒçŸåšã®ããªå ±ååœïŒããã©ã³ã¹é ã®ãã¢ïŒçŸåšã®ã®ãã¢ïŒããã©ã³ã¹é 象ç海岞(çŸåšã®ã³ãŒããžãã¯ãŒã«)ãããžã§ãŒã«(çŸåšã®ããžã§ãŒã«)ããªãŒããã«ã¿ïŒçŸåšã®ãã«ãããã¡ãœïŒãšãã©ã³ã¹é ããã¡ïŒçŸåšã®ããã³ïŒã®æ§ãã©ã³ã¹é 8å°åã®ããšã§ãããéŠéœã¯1895幎ãã1902幎ãŸã§ã¯ãµã³ã«ã€ã«ã1902幎ããã¯ãã«ãŒã«ã«çœ®ãããã
1895幎ãçŸåšã®ã»ãã¬ã«ãããªãã®ãã¢ãã³ãŒããžãã¯ãŒã«ã«çžåœããå°åã«æç«ããããã®åŸããã©ã³ã¹ã®æ€æ°å°æ¡å€§ã«ãšããªãçå³ãæ¡å€§ãããã1910幎ã«çŸåšã®äžå€®ã¢ããªã«å ±ååœã«ããããŠãã³ã®ã»ã·ã£ãªæ€æ°å°ïŒ1894幎 – 1910幎ïŒãã1920幎ã«ãã£ãããã©ã³ã¹é èµ€éã¢ããªã«ã«å€æŽããã第äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠæã«ã¯ãŽã£ã·ãŒæ¿åºåŽãæ¯æããã1940幎ã«ã¯Â ã€ã®ãªã¹è»ã«ãã䟵æ»ãåããããã©ã³ã¹è»ã¯ãããæéããŠããã
1946幎ãéå®çã«éžææš©ãäžãããããã©ã³ã¹è°äŒã«13è°åžãäžããããããã®éã«ãã¢ããªã«æ°äž»é£åãªã©ã®æ¿å ãæç«ããã®ã¡ã®ç¬ç«éåã®æ¯äœãšãªã£ãã1958幎ããã»ãŽãŒã«æ¿æš©äžã§ãã©ã³ã¹å ±åäœãçºè¶³ããããšã«äŒŽã解äœããã
Â
CFAãã©ã³ïŒã»ãŒãã¡ãŒãã©ã³ïŒã¯ãæ§ãã©ã³ã¹é 西ã¢ããªã«ããã³ãã©ã³ã¹é èµ€éã¢ããªã«ãäžå¿ãšããå€ãã®åœã§çšããããå ±åé貚ã西ã¢ããªã«è«žåœäžå€®éè¡çºè¡ã®CFAãã©ã³ïŒXOFïŒãšãäžéšã¢ããªã«è«žåœéè¡çºè¡ã®CFAãã©ã³ïŒXAFïŒãšã®2çš®é¡ããããäž¡è ã¯é貚ãšããŠã®äŸ¡å€ã¯åäžã§ããããçžäºã«ã¯çšããããŠããªãã1958幎ãã1ä»ãã©ã³=50CFAãã©ã³ã®åºå®ã¬ãŒãã§ãã£ããã1994幎ã«ã¯1ä»ãã©ã³=100CFAãã©ã³ã«åãäžããããã1999幎1æ1æ¥ãããŠãŒãã«åºå®ããŠããã1ãŠãŒã=655.957CFAãã©ã³ã§ããã100CFAã¯æŠã22åã§ããã
CFAãã©ã³ã䜿çšããŠããåœã¯å€è²šæºåé«ã®50%ããã©ã³ã¹ã®åœåº«ã«ãŠä¿ç®¡ããªããã°ãªããªããšããèŠå®ããããæ§å®äž»åœã§ãããã©ã³ã¹ã«ããçµæžæ¯é ãšæ¹å€ãããŠããã2019幎6æ30æ¥ã«è¥¿ã¢ããªã«è«žåœçµæžå ±åäœ(ECOWAS)ã2020幎ããå ±éé貚ãšã³(ECO)ã«ç§»è¡ããããšã決å®ãããã®ãã¡8ã«åœã¯è¥¿ã¢ããªã«è«žåœäžå€®éè¡ãçºè¡ããCFAãã©ã³ã䜿çšããŠããåœå®¶ã§ãã£ãããã®8ã«åœããšã³ã«ç§»è¡ããå Žåãåè¿°ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ã«ãã管çãåããªãããšã§2019幎12æ21æ¥ã«äž¡è ãåæããããšã³ãå§åããã°ãCFAãã©ã³ã¯äžéšã¢ããªã«è«žåœéè¡çºè¡ã®6ã«åœã®ã¿ã䜿çšããããšã«ãªãã
CFAãã©ã³ã¯ã¬ãŒãããŠãŒãã«åºå®ããããŠãŒãã®éèæ¿çã¯æ¬§å·äžå€®éè¡ã«ãã決å®ãããŠãããããæ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ã§ãã£ãçºå±éäžåœã®ã¢ããªã«è«žåœã¯ãèªåœã®çµæžèšç»ã®å®è¡ãã»ãŒäžå¯èœã§ãããšæ¹å€ãããŠããããå察ã«CFAãã©ã³ã®å©çšåœã®é貚ã®å®å®ãå©ãããã©ã³ã¹ãšã®èŒžåºå ¥ã®åŸªç°ã倧ããä¿é²ããããšããæèŠãããã
2008幎ã«è¡ããã欧å·é£åèªèº«ã«ããCFAãã©ã³ãšãŠãŒããšã®é£æºã«é¢ããè©äŸ¡ã§ã¯ã2ã€ã®CFAãã©ã³åããããããé貚統åã«ãããŠåããæ©æµã¯ãããããã®CFAãã©ã³åã®éã§ããã極ããŠå°ããããããã©ã³ã¹ã»ãã©ã³ãžã®çºæ¿åºå®ããŸãã1999幎以éã®ãŠãŒããšã®çºæ¿ã¬ãŒãã®åºå®ã¯ãäžè¬çãªãã¯ãçµæžã®å®å®æ§ã®èŠ³ç¹ããCFAãã©ã³åã«æå©ãªå¹æããããããšèªããããããšè«ãã
âä»åœãšäžåœã®å¯Ÿã¢ããªã«æ¿çã®éãã~欧米諞åœãããäžåœã®æ¹ããŸããšã®å°å æ°æèïœ
ä»åã®ã¢ããªã«æ è¡ã¯ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒçãçºçãã西ã¢ããªã«è«žåœèšªåãäžå¿ã§ãããæ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ããã®ç¬ç«åœãäžå¿ãšãªã£ãããã©ã³ã¹ã®æ§æ€æ°å°æ¿çã芪ä»ç¬è£æ¿æš©å¯ãã§ãããšããã«ãç¬è£è æ¿æš©ãåãã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãé£ç¶çã«çºçããããã©ã³ã¹æ¿åºã¯ãç¬è£æ¿æš©ã圢ã®äžã§éžæã«ããçãŸããŠãããã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãéæ°äž»çãšéé£ãããããæ°è¡ã¯åä»çã«ãªãé§çä»è»ãæ€éãäœåãªããããŠãããå¿ ç¶ãé²äžã®ãã¬ãŒã³ã¹ã倧ãããªãã€ã€ããã
ä»åæ è¡äºå®ã®è¥¿ã¢ããªã«è«žåœã®æ°è¡ã¯ã欧米諞åœãäžã§ãæ§å®äž»åœæš©çãæªã ã«ææŸããŠããªããã©ã³ã¹ããã¯ãäžåœã®ãããªåœå æ¿æ²»ã«é¢äžããªã姿å¢ã®æ¹ã奜ãã§ããããã®ãããªäºæ ãç¥ã£ãŠãç¥ããããæ¥æ¬ã®å«äžæŽŸã®ãããã¬ã³ãçšèªã«ãäžåœããã®åãå ¥ããžã®ãåµåã®çœ ãããããåéã®æ¹ã«æž¯æ¹Ÿæœèšçãå·®ãæŒããããããšããããã§ãããããã ãäžåœã®ã¢ããªã«è«žåœãžã®æè³é¡ã巚倧ã«ãªã£ãŠããŠããããšã®åæ ã§ãããã
ããã«æãæ¥æ¬ãåœé£å®ä¿çåžžä»»çäºåœå ¥ããç®æããŠé 匵ã£ãŠããæ代ããžã³ãããšã®ã ã¬ã倧統é ïŒåœæïŒã¯ç±³åœã®äººæš©å€äº€ã«å調ããæ¥æ¬ã®å§¿å¢ãå«ã£ããã ã¬ã倧統é ãžã®äžåœæ¿åºã®æ ¹åããåãå¥ãããããšã解説ãããããããããã®äžåœããã®æ°èŠæè³ãè¿å¹Žæ¥éã«æžå°ããŠãããã¢ããªã«è«žåœãå°ã£ãŠããããã§ããã
Â
ïŒäž¡æ¿äºæ ãã«ãŒãå©çšå¯èœæ§ç¶æ³ãATMç¶æ³ãäºå決æžç¶æ³ïŒã
æ è¡ã«å ç«ã¡ãäž¡æ¿ãå®æœãåå®åŸåæã§ãããããçºæ¿ãäºæž¬ããŠãŸã§äž¡æ¿ãè¡ãããšãŸã§ã¯ã§ããªããããæ è¡äžã®ã¯ã¬ãžããã«ãŒã䜿çšæãATM䜿çšæã®ã¬ãŒãã«ãããããªããã€ã³ãã§ã®çµéšã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã§çºè¡ãããŠããã«ãŒããå¿ ãããå©çšã§ããªãå ŽåããããçŸéããªããšã¿ã¯ã·ãŒçãå©çšã§ããªãããšãèããããããçšåºŠã®å°é¡çŽå¹£ãæºåããŠãããªããã°ãªããªããšèããŠããã
倧é»å±ã®äž¡æ¿ã䟿å©ã§ããã2023幎1æã«ãæ°æ©åºã«åºãããŠã¿ãããã¥ãŒæ°æ©ãã«ã«ã¯ã倧é»å±ä»¥å€ã«ãå°ãæ±ããŠããïŒãã«çŽå¹£ã§ããããã°130åã§è²©å£²ããŠããåºããããæºåãããŠãã13ãã«åã確ä¿ããã倧é»å±ã§ã¯ãŠãŒãã¯20ãŠãŒãçŽå¹£ãããã14æ確ä¿ããã倧é»å±æ±äº¬é§ åºã§ã¯ã1ãã«çŽå¹£ã30æååšããã®ã§ç¢ºä¿ãããæ°å®¿ã®ãã±ããã·ã§ããã§ã¯ãäž¡æ¿ãæ±ãåºãå€ãããã10ãŠãŒãçŽå¹£ã11æ確ä¿ã§ããããã®äžã§çºèŠããããåºã§ã¯ããªãå°é¡çŽå¹£ãååšããŠããããã§ãã£ãããããã5äžå以äžã®äž¡æ¿ãæ±ããããä»åºã§ã®ç¢ºä¿åã§ããã°ãå©çšããŠãããã£ãã®ã§ããããæ¢ã«ããçšåºŠç¢ºä¿ããŠãã£ãã®ã§ã2024幎ã«ã¯ãŸãæåã«å©çšããããšçºæ¿ã¬ãŒããåå®æ°å³ã§ãããå©çšããªãã£ãã
Â
é¢é£èšäº
-
Travel writing through practical tourism research on Mongolia Tsaatan ethnic (especially concerningãwithãaãreindeerãandãshermanism)ã3
21thãAugust It was decided to try to reindeer m
-
ððã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒã®æ ã2022幎5æ2æ¥å€å»ã3æ¥å€å»ïœ4æ¥ååãããŒãªã¢å·ãããŒãª
2022幎5æ1æ¥å€å» 2022幎5æ2æ¥~3æ¥
-
ðð2023å€ãã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒã®æ ã2023幎8æ28æ¥ãã¢ã©ãéŠé·åœé£éŠã»ããã€ã
è³æ äžæ±ã®èŠ³å åœããã€ã§æ¶ãããªãŸãŒãèšç»ãå°æ¿åŠã»ãªãŒãã³ã·ã§ãã¯ã https://you
-
ðð2024ã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒäžçäžåšã®æ ã2024ïŒ2.ã»ãã¬ã«ïŒ2018幎蚪åãåœé£å çåœ108ãåœç®ïŒ
Facebookæçš¿æ 2024.2.21.æšæ¥ããäžžäžæ¥ãã«ãŒã«ç©ºæž¯ãæé£ã¯5000XO
-
ððã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒã®æ ã2018幎8æ17æ¥ããšããµãŠã£ã©
https://photos.google.com/album/AF1QipPZxydGB-DYGU
-
ððã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒã®ãžéã1981幎ãç±³åœâµãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ãâ¶ã¯ã·ã³ãã³ãâ·ããŒãžãã¢å·ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ã¹ããŒã°ãâžã€ãªãã€å·ã·ã«ãŽãâ¹ãã¯ã€å·ããã«ã«
1980幎æ å ±ç®¡çéšå ã§ã調æ»äŒç»èª²ããæ å ±åŠç課ã«ç§»åãæ¥æ¬é»é»å ¬ç€Ÿããã®åºåè ãæŸåïŒæè¡ïŒãå
-
ððã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒã®æ ã2022幎5æ13æ¥ã15æ¥ãªãšã³ãåœå芳å è³æºïŒãµã³ãã°ãžã¥ããªç©ºæž¯ãããŒã«ããã¥ãŒãºåžå ŽïŒ
facebooKæçš¿æ 2022幎5æ13æ¥ ãªãšã³ã«å°çãã©ã€ãã¬ãŒã«ã空枯ãŸã§ä¹ãå ¥ãã
-
ððã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒãžã®éã2008幎2æããŽã§ããºãšã©(åœé£å çåœ38ãåœç®ïŒãšã³ãžã§ã«ãã©ãŒã«
ãåœã®è±ããã¯æå°è ã§æ±ºãŸããäžç1äœã®ç£æ²¹åœããããºãšã©ããçµæžç Žç¶»ããçç± https://y
-
ððã·ãã¢ããã¯ããã«ãŒã®æ ãâ£ã2016幎5æ20æ¥ããã³ãã¬ãŒã€ã©ã¯ãžå·æ²³çã«ãŠç¶èŠªã®æ£éªš
æäºæåºçºãå°ãæ©ãããããæžæ»ããªããäžååã§å°çãã¿ã¯ã·ãŒä»£ã¯8000ãå°ãå®ããããã«ã§çšæã
-
Mauritius (143)ãããã February 15, 2019
When I was in a hotel in Seychelles, an email cam